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Gnaeus Naevius
Gnaeus Naevius (; c. 270〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.fjcl.org/uploads/4/3/4/0/4340783/latin_lit_study_guide.pdf )〕 – c. 201 BC) was a Roman epic poet and dramatist of the Old Latin period. He had a notable literary career at Rome until his satiric comments delivered in comedy angered the Metelli family, one of whom was consul. After a sojourn in prison he recanted and was set free by the tribunes (who had the tribunician power, in essence the power of habeas corpus). After a second offense he was exiled to Tunisia, where he wrote his own epitaph and committed suicide. His comedies were in the genre of Palliata Comoedia, an adaptation of Greek New Comedy. A soldier in the Punic Wars, he was highly patriotic, inventing a new genre called ''Praetextae Fabulae'', an extension of tragedy to Roman national figures or incidents, named after the ''Toga praetexta'' worn by high officials. Of his writings there survive only fragments of several poems preserved in the citations of late ancient grammarians (Charisius, Aelius Donatus, Sextus Pompeius Festus, Aulus Gellius, Isidorus Hispalensis, Macrobius, Nonius Marcellus, Priscian, Marcus Terentius Varro).
==Biography==
Much of the information concerning the life of Naevius is coloured by uncertainty. Aulus Gellius describes the epitaph of Naevius as demonstrating "Campanian arrogance," based on which statement it has been suggested that Naevius was a native of Campania.〔Gellius (1.24.1 ).〕 The phrase "Campanian arrogance" seems, however, to have been a proverbial or idiomatic phrase indicating boastfulness.〔https://books.google.com/books?id=uM0sRPoABq8C&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&dq=%22Campanian+arrogance%22&source=bl&ots=aXjZ7cFxwz&sig=NApwyY3XURJLfgn6UEYRrVfTmpM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwA2oVChMI87H2hL7qxwIVzAySCh0IeQPp#v=onepage&q=%22Campanian%20arrogance%22&f=false〕 Further, the fact that there was a plebeian gens Naevia in Rome, makes it quite possible, even likely, that Naevius was a Roman citizen by birth. He served either in the Roman army or among the ''socii'' in the First Punic War, and thus must have reached manhood before 241.
His career as a dramatic author began with the exhibition of a drama in or about the year 235, and continued for thirty years. Towards the close he incurred the hostility of some of the nobility, especially, it is said, of the Metelli, by the attacks which he made upon them on the stage, and at their insistence he was imprisoned.〔Plautus, ''Miles Gloriosus'' 211.〕 After writing two plays during his imprisonment, in which he is said to have apologized for his former rudeness,〔Gellius (3.3.15 ).〕 he was liberated through the interference of the tribunes of the commons; but he had shortly afterwards to retire from Rome (in or about 204) to Utica. It may have been during his exile, when withdrawn from his active career as a dramatist, that he composed or completed his poem on the First Punic War. Probably his latest composition was his own epitaph, written in saturnian verse:
If these lines were dictated by a jealousy of the growing ascendancy of Ennius, the life of Naevius must have been prolonged considerably beyond 204, the year in which Ennius began his career as an author in Rome. As distinguished from Livius Andronicus, Naevius was a native Italian, not a Greek; he was also an original writer, not a mere adapter or translator. If it is due to Livius that the forms of Latin literature were, from the first, molded on those of Greek literature, it is due to Naevius that much of its spirit and substance was of native growth.
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